Parliament between 1603-1629 Essay Example for Free

Parliament between 1603-1629 Essay The period 1603-1629 is maybe better partitioned into two particular segments 1603-1625 (rule of James I) and 1625-1629 (rule of Charles I) since these two rulers had genuinely various ways to deal with international strategy, which thusly decided how Parliament reacted to them. James I carried a quiet way to deal with international strategy, planning to build up a notoriety for himself as a go between inside Europe. One of his first activities as ruler was to arrange harmony with Spain in the Treaty of London in 1604. This was disliked with Parliament for a few reasons, the fundamental one being that as Protestants numerous individuals from parliament were against harmony with Catholic Spain for strict reasons. In any case, with respects parliament, harmony had the advantage of sparing a lot of cash which would have must be raised by Parliament, and relations among parliament and James remained genuinely steady throughout the following scarcely any years. James next significant activity with respects international strategy was to help a Protestant replacement to the Duke of Cleves-Julich in 1609, even to the degree of submitting a few thousand soldiers to the reason. This activity without a doubt picked up Parliaments support, as did the marriage in 1613 of James girl Elizabeth to the Protestant Frederick V of the Palatinate. All through these early long stretches of James rule, his international strategy didn't appear to detrimentally affect his relations with Parliament in fact, his later activities in this period even served to improve his relations with Parliament. Also, despite the fact that there were a few differences among James and Parliament during this time, they were because of money issues and not international strategy. After this time, in any case, relations among ruler and Parliament started to harsh, and one of the key factors in this breakdown of relations was the international strategy sought after by James from 1614 onwards. From this time, James endeavored to arrange marriage first for his oldest child and afterward, after his passing, for his beneficiary and second child Charles with the Catholic Spanish infanta. This was profoundly disliked with most MPs, as they dreaded the impact a Catholic Queen of England would have on the proceeding with reconstruction of the Protestant church, and wanted an international strategy more unfriendly to Spain than any past approach of James. The circumstance compounded as James previously had the extremely famous Sir Walter Raleigh executed after he conflicted with Spain out traveling to South America, and afterward as he removed himself from the contention among Catholics and Protestants over the Palatinate. As of right now it created the impression that relations among ruler and Parliament were exceptionally awful in reality, since James had been overseeing without Parliament since 1614, in spite of the fact that this was more over contradictions about money than anything to do with strict strategy. Be that as it may, when James at last called Parliament following a seven-year hole, international strategy turned into the principle issue. James called Parliament so as to fund-raise to do battle to recoup the Palatinate, an activity which was broadly upheld. As time advanced, however, with no indication of James really planning for war since he was all the while seeking after exchanges Parliament started to request a maritime war and a conclusion to the marriage dealings with Spain. This rankled James enough to lead him to answer that none [in the House of Commons] will attempt to intrude with anything concerning our administration or profound issues of State, alluding, in the principle, to Parliaments rights (or not) to talk about international strategy. This prompted the Commons creating a Protestation, which guaranteed the privilege of Parliament to free discourse, paying little heed to imperial right. James at that point disintegrated Parliament and captured a few unmistakable MPs. Surely, this break had emerged principally because of James international strategy (in spite of the fact that there still were other contributing elements, specifically account yet in addition other household strategies). In any case, it was not perpetual as James called a last Parliament in 1624, wherein he appeared to acknowledge that he would need to do battle with Spain, particularly since the two his child Charles and his top choice, Buckingham, were currently joining Parliament in requesting war, because of the breakdown of marriage exchanges. Parliament casted a ballot endowments in spite of the fact that they were inadequate for James to wage a land war and left happy with the circumstance, albeit no war was pursued in the rest of James lifetime (he kicked the bucket ten months in the wake of dissolving Parliament). Along these lines, when James kicked the bucket in 1625, it appeared that towards the finish of his rule his international strategies had been answerable for souring relations with Parliament, in spite of the fact that it is significant that the goals of the last Parliament (if not satisfied) had gone some approach to fixing the connection among ruler and Parliament. It additionally appeared as if, with the rising of Charles I, who had straightforwardly upheld war during the most recent long stretches of his dads rule, relations with Parliament would be improved. In any case, in spite of the fact that Charles went to the seat loaded with plans for a war with Spain, Parliament just casted a ballot I 250,000 for an ocean war and were uncertain about different plans made by Charles and Buckingham costing around I 2 million. These plans Mansfeld, the Cadiz campaign and the Isle de Rhe undertaking turned into a progression of disappointments, for the most part because of poor preparing, and prompted the disagreeability of both Charles and Buckingham. By 1626, relations with Parliament were exceptionally terrible, and the principle (in spite of the fact that not just, since e. g. tonnage and poundage caused debates), reason for this was international strategy. The hesitance of Parliament to cast a ballot adequate endowments for war, the assaults in the House of Commons of Buckingham and the frustrate with the war brought about by the bombed undertakings, prompted Charles dissolving Parliament in 1625. At the point when Parliament met again the next year, Charles had hitched the French, Catholic, Princess, Henrietta Maria. In view of Charles requirement for parliamentary sponsorships, he attempted to diminish the MPs doubts about ace Catholic strategies and in this way neglected to complete piece of the marriage arrangement. This in the long run prompted war with France simultaneously as England was at war with Spain, a deplorable strategy which made genuine harm the rulers relationship with Parliament. Charles relations with Parliament just kept on falling apart after this time, in the long run prompting Charles seeking after Personal Rule from 1629, and the purposes behind this decay originated from Charles international strategy, for the most part in view of the cash expected to finance the wars, for which Charles depended on an ever increasing number of frantic measures for instance the constrained advance, which prompted more noteworthy conversation of the rulers monetary and strict approach. There is no uncertainty that international strategy had a significant impact in the souring of relations among ruler and Parliament in the period 1603-1629. Nonetheless, its impact can be believed to have expanded later on in this period after Charles came to control. With James I, international strategy played a section in influencing his relationship with Parliament particularly towards the finish of his rule. Nonetheless, it was his international strategy joined with different issues especially account which prompted a breakdown in relations in 1621. Maybe if international strategy had been the main issue things would not have arrived at such an emergency point. What's more, significantly after the breakdown happened, the way that James called another Parliament in 1624 indicated that it was in no way, shape or form changeless. Conversely, all of Charles issues and conflicts with Parliament seem to have originated from issues encompassing his international strategy and the breakdown in 1629 was unmistakably all the more threatening to the proceeded with presence of Parliament than any with James as ruler.

Proposal for a Business Incubator Project Coursework

Proposition for a Business Incubator Project - Coursework Example The venture is financially reasonable as a business and will frame establishment for the improvement of new organizations and enterprise. Foundation There is a developing inclination among the youngsters for independent work with plans for future extension through experience and aggregated information increased over the timeframe in the business. The underlying costs in setting up the workplace for the business include rental, acquisition of office types of gear and arrangement of office aide, notwithstanding buying vehicle for transport regarding the business. A considerable lot of the fantasies and effectively thought out designs for the organizations don't see the sunlight because of absence of seed capital. The business hatchery venture proposed is relied upon to address these issues viably with little speculation with respect to the business person. Business issues and the idea basic the task The venture plans to tackle the issues in raising seed capital for the organizations by the business people. The organizations at first began by the business people are generally small time appears. The business visionaries need to design their organizations, set up regulatory offices for the organizations and take part in promoting their items or administrations. The most significant part in the underlying phases of the business is to build up office offices or making a ‘address’ for the business. This is significant since the providers or specialist co-ops, the clients and different offices need to contact the individuals in business face to face or send messengers or leave messages. It is additionally required for capacity of materials like drawings, CDs and books associated with the business. Along these lines, a spot with simple access to clients will be valuable in keeping the contacts alive for development in business and for being side by side of the improvements in the business sectors and innovation. Expensive rental, capital speculation require d for establishment of offices and working capital required for keeping up the workplace or work place go about as impediments in new companies in a large portion of the cases. Along these lines, if the issues related with this piece of the business are successfully tended to, the business visionaries are allowed to design their different business and promoting exercises without making a big deal about the issues identified with foundation of an office. Answer for the business issues There are a few employments which require negligible desk work yet broad going in meeting the clients to clarify about the item or administrations. For instance, CRM programming for a little boutique, clubs or optical items stores keeping on top of the progressions occurring in innovative front could make up for lost time in the market in future. Refined programming utilized by the large enterprises will be too exorbitant to even think about installing in independent companies. This product created by a business visionary may tackle different issues associated with the information the board identifying with independent companies. The advancement of programming isn't an issue to a product engineer. In any case, promoting of the product needs broad voyaging, exhibition of the item to the imminent clients’ needs gathering lobby and the business needs an office to go to the calls of the customers and get the dispatches routed to the business. It is additionally critical to take note of that the workplace ought to be furnished with offices for correspondence,

Hartford

Hartford Hartford, city (1990 pop. 139,739), state capital, Hartford co., central Conn., on the west bank of the Connecticut River; settled as Newtown 1635â€"36 on the site of a Dutch trading post (1633; abandoned 1654), inc. 1784. The second largest city in the state, it is a port of entry. Hartford was long world famous as an insurance center. Its insurance business began in 1794, and the area was once home to the headquarters of more than 35 insurance companies. Mergers and downsizing during the late 20th cent., however, greatly lessened the insurance industry's importance. Manufactures include precision instruments, computers, transportation equipment, firearms, and electrical equipment. One of the earliest and strongest colonial centers, Hartford and two other towns formed (1639) the Connecticut Colony, adopting the Fundamental Orders . From 1701 to 1875 it was joint capital with New Haven. It was an important military supply depot during the American Revolution, and in 1814â€"15, it hosted the Hartford Convention . The Hartford Courant, founded in 1764, is one of the country's oldest newspapers. Landmarks include the old statehouse (1796; designed by Charles Bulfinch), where the Hartford Convention met; the site of the Charter Oak ; the capitol (completed 1878; designed by Richard M. Upjohn); and the famous Travelers Insurance tower. Hartford has a noted art museum (the Wadsworth Atheneum), a symphony orchestra, and opera and ballet companies. The Connecticut state library includes the Colt collection of firearms. Other attractions are the Harriet Beecher Stowe House (1871), where Stowe lived from 1873 to 1896, and the Mark Twain House (1873â€"74). Noah Webster, John Fiske, and the elder J. P. Morgan were born in Hartford; the theologian Horace Bushnell, the author Charles Dudley Warner, and the poet Wallace Stevens lived there. The city's many parks include Elizabeth Park, scene of an annual rose festival, and Colt Park. Among Hartford's institutions of higher education are Trinity College, the Univ. of Hartford, Hartford College for Women, and a branch of the Univ. of Connecticut and its schools of law and social work. There is also the American School for the Deaf and the Connecticut Institute for the Blind. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

History of the Thermometer and Lord Kelvin

Lord Kelvin invented the Kelvin Scale in 1848 used on thermometers. The Kelvin Scale measures the ultimate extremes of hot and cold. Kelvin developed the idea of absolute temperature, what is called the Second Law of Thermodynamics, and developed the dynamical theory of heat. In the 19th century, scientists were researching what was the lowest temperature possible. The Kelvin scale uses the same units as the Celcius scale, but it starts at ABSOLUTE ZERO, the temperature at which everything including air freezes solid. Absolute zero is O K, which is - 273 °C degrees Celsius. Lord Kelvin - Biography Sir William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs, Lord Kelvin of Scotland (1824 - 1907) studied at Cambridge University, was a champion rower, and later became a Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Glasgow. Among his other achievements was the 1852 discovery of the Joule-Thomson Effect of gasses and his work on the first transatlantic telegraph cable (for which he was knighted), and his inventing of the mirror galvanometer used in cable signaling, the siphon recorder, the mechanical tide predictor, an improved ships compass. Extracts from: Philosophical Magazine October 1848 Cambridge University Press, 1882 ...The characteristic property of the scale which I now propose is, that all degrees have the same value; that is, that a unit of heat descending from a body A at the temperature T ° of this scale, to a body B at the temperature (T-1) °, would give out the same mechanical effect, whatever be the number T. This may justly be termed an absolute scale since its characteristic is quite independent of the physical properties of any specific substance. To compare this scale with that of the air-thermometer, the values (according to the principle of estimation stated above) of degrees of the air-thermometer must be known. Now an expression, obtained by Carnot from the consideration of his ideal steam-engine, enables us to calculate these values when the latent heat of a given volume and the pressure of saturated vapor at any temperature are experimentally determined. The determination of these elements is the principal object of Regnaults great work, already referred to, but, at present, his researches are not complete. In the first part, which alone has been as yet published, the latent heats of a given weight, and the pressures of saturated vapour at all temperatures between 0 ° and 230 ° (Cent. of the air-thermometer), have been ascertained; but it would be necessary in addition to know the densities of saturated vapour at different temperatures, to enable us to determine the latent heat of a given volume at any temperature. M. Regnault announces his intention of instituting researches for this object; but till the results are made known, we have no way of completing the data necessary for the present problem, except by estimating the density of saturated vapour at any temperature (the corresponding pressure being known by Regnaults researches already published) according to the approximate laws of compressibility and expansion (the laws of Mariotte and Gay-Lussac, or Boyle and Dalton). Within the limits of natural temperature in ordinary climates, the density of saturated vapour is actually found by Regnault (Études Hydromà ©triques in the Annales de Chimie) to verify very closely these laws; and we have reasons to believe from experiments which have been made by Gay-Lussac and others, that as high as the temperature 100 ° there can be no considerable deviation; but our estimate of the density of saturated vapour, founded on these laws, may be very erroneous at such high temperatures at 230 °. Hence a completely satisfactory calculation of the proposed scale cannot be made till after the additional experimental data shall have been obtained; but with the data which we actually possess, we may make an approximate comparison of the new scale with that of the air-thermometer, which at least between 0 ° and 100 ° will be tolerably satisfactory. The labour of performing the necessary calculations for effecting a comparison of the proposed scale with that of the air-thermometer, between the limits of 0 ° and 230 ° of the latter, has been kindly undertaken by Mr. William Steele, lately of Glasgow College, now of St. Peters College, Cambridge. His results in tabulated forms were laid before the Society, with a diagram, in which the comparison between the two scales is represented graphically. In the first table, the amounts of mechanical effect due to the descent of a unit of heat through the successive degrees of the air-thermometer are exhibited. The unit of heat adopted is the quantity necessary to elevate the temperature of a kilogramme of water from 0 ° to 1 ° of the air-thermometer; and the unit of mechanical effect is a metre-kilogramme; that is, a kilogramme raised a metre high. In the second table, the temperatures according to the proposed scale, which correspond to the different degrees of the air-thermometer from 0 ° to 230 °, are exhibited. The arbitrary points which coincide on the two scales are 0 ° and 100 °. If we add together the first hundred numbers given in the first table, we find 135.7 for the amount of work due to a unit of heat descending from a body A at 100 ° to B at 0 °. Now 79 such units of heat would, according to Dr. Black (his result being very slightly corrected by Regnault), melt a kilogramme of ice. Hence if the heat necessary to melt a pound of ice be now taken as unity, and if a metre-pound be taken as the unit of mechanical effect, the amount of work to be obtained by the descent of a unit of heat from 100 ° to 0 ° is 79x135.7, or 10,700 nearly. This is the same as 35,100 foot-pounds, which is a little more than the work of a one-horse-power engine (33,000 foot pounds) in a minute; and consequently, if we had a steam-engine working with perfect economy at one-horse-power, the boiler being at the temperature 100 °, and the condenser kept at 0 ° by a constant supply of ice, rather less than a pound of ice would be melted in a minute.

We Must Stop Racism Essay - 1214 Words

We live in a world that is culturally diverse, with rich culture and heritage. Everyone comes from a different background, with unique history and life experiences. Today we have broken-down a lot of racial barriers that existed in the past, and we have learn become more accepting of each other culture and way of life. Even though our society is growing up and becoming more tolerant of each other, they are still many barriers that needs to be broken. Racism still exists today, it is something that we cannot get rid of easily. Some people express racism in various degrees. Around the world they are many cases of racial acts against another race. Whether it be a murder of a different person rather than your race, or looking down on†¦show more content†¦According to Reuters he did these crimes because â€Å"He wanted to stir up racial tension, racial hatred,† (C. Pitas, 2013). As was mentioned by Reuters, something as simple as not being white caused this young man to m urder an innocent person, and also trying to hurt so many people all out of hatred. This exhibits the ignorance certain people today still has about other race and culture. They are many cases of racism against skin color and other culture, most of this is caused by ignorance of another culture. Another article by the Huffington post and Global voices, shows how strong racism still exists today. Even though this article is not as severe as the on the 25 year old Pavlo, it still shows how strong racism still is today. On September 15th 2013, a new Miss America was crowned. The new Miss America is non-other than Miss New York Nina Davuluri, Nina is of Indian decent. According to Global Voices she made history by â€Å"becoming the first American of Indian descent to win the coveted Miss America title†. Because she has Indian decent, her skin color is brown, because of this many did not know her actual heritage. According to Global Voices, â€Å"she has found herself at the receiving end of a slew ofShow MoreRelatedRacial Issue Of Mckinney, Tx Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pages once again, sparked a heated debate about police brutality and racism in the U.S. Being a current resident in the Dallas area, which includes McKinney, I am very cognizant of the racial atmosphere in McKinney, which is why I was not surprised when that video surfaced. That does not mean that I was not immensely upset by what I saw, but it definitely did not surprise me. What I would like to point out here is the fact that we must view what has happened in this situation as a microcosm of a muchRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Letter From Birmingham Jail1037 Words   |  5 PagesStaples’s â€Å"Black Men and Public Space.† What do these works say about racism, prejudice, and bias? 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Many people presume that racism has existed since people have started to notice differences between themselves and others around them. One may not know the meaning of racism because it means something different to each and every individualRead MoreSay No to Racism1581 Words   |  7 PagesPersuasive Speech On â€Å"Say No To Racism† Good morning to Mr. Mariapan and my beloved audience. Today, I am bold to talk about an issue that has haunts us for so long. Countless legislation, organizations and campaigns are created to combat this issue†¦.but†¦to no avail. The problem has been all over the globe and standing here today, I am on a mission to eradicate this issue once and for all! Ladies and gentlemen, Let us hold hand in hand and â€Å"Say No To Racism† The racism button is the easiest toRead MoreAmeric The Land Of The Free928 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Free America, â€Å"The Land of the Free,† or so I thought. 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Another encounter with this man lead to him telling his son that â€Å"we are not of his kind and he should not play with us†. When we are children a majority of us are taught

The effect of motivation on behavior Free Essays

In everyday conversation, the question â€Å"What motivated you to do that?† is a way of asking, â€Å"What caused your behavior?   Why did you act that way?†Ã‚   To psychologists, a motivation is a need or desire that serves to energize behavior and to direct it toward a goal.   Psychologists consider motivation as a hypothetical concept.   Hence, they infer motivation from behaviors observe. We will write a custom essay sample on The effect of motivation on behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now But in a broader sense, motivation pertains to the purpose for responding.   The term comes from the Latin verb movere, which means, â€Å"to move,† and it is what causes movement (behavior) that concerns this paper.   The idea of movement is reflected in such commonsense ideas about motivation as something that gets us going, keep us moving, and helps us get jobs done.   Conversely, a person is not motivated when s/he cannot seem to get out of bed or off the sofa (Pintrich, 2001). Despite these commonly held ideas, definitions of motivation are numerous and varied, and there is much disagreement over the precise nature of motivation.   Motivation has been conceived of in such varied terms as involving inner forces, enduring traits, behavioral responses tom stimuli, and sets of beliefs and affects (Schunk, D.H. 2003). Although motivation has many facets, psychologists have been especially concerned with those influences that energize and direct responses.   Simply stated, motivation determines how strong a behavior will be and the form it will take.   Moreover, much of what is known about motivational processes comes from research on how people respond to the difficulties, problems, failures, and setbacks encountered as individuals pursue goals over time.  Ã‚   Various theories contend that motivation underlies much human behavior (Weiner, 2005). Psychologists have different theoretical perspectives on motivation.   At present, there are four motivational strategies that are influential on how psychologists have understood  motivation, namely, flow theory, stress and coping theory, and intrinsic and extrinsic theory. Flow theory Csikszentmihalyi (2005) studied individuals who engaged in intrinsically motivating activities and found that their experiences reflected complete involvement with the activities. This involvement, is known as the flow theory, and is defined as â€Å"the holistic sensation that people feel when they act with total involvement† (Csikszentmihalyi, 2005). According to Csikszentmihalyi, the flow is very much related to other human motives and has shown that the dimensions in this two-by-two classification are closed-versus open-system goals and intra- versus interindividual processes.   Closed goals are those that determined by genetics (needs, hunger, thirst, safety, optimal activation) or socialization; open goals develop as a result of experience and cannot be explained by pre-existing factors.   Interindividual processes are social in nature, whereas intraindividual processes refer to the person.   Flow is a personal process and reflects open systemic goals (Csikszentmihalyi Rathunde, 2003). Moreover, individuals experiencing flow are so intensely involved with a task that they may lose awareness of time and space.   They also seek a flow experience for itself rather than for anticipated rewards.   Although flow can be experienced with any activity, it is more likely to occur with activities that allow for free expression and creativity such as games, play, and art.   De Charm’s origin state shares many elements with flow.   In extreme form, individuals forsake a traditional lifestyle and most contingent material rewards to engage in activities that provide flow (de Charms, 1996). There are a number of researches on the flow theory.   These researches have proven that despite being nebulous, the flow theory makes intuitive sense.   Csikszentmihalyi (2002)  describes a research study in which the Experience Sampling Method was employed.   Adults carried beepers that sounded several times a week, at which time subjects rated themselves on two dependent variables:   Affect (comprising items â€Å"happy,† â€Å"cheerful,† â€Å"sociable†) and activation (comprising â€Å"active,† â€Å"alert,† â€Å"strong†). Subjects also judged their situation for challenges present and skills available.   The amount of time individuals judged themselves to be in flow (defined as challenges and skills present and equal to one another) was related positively to affect and activation (Csikszentmihalyi,2002). Mayers (reported in Csikszentmihalyi, 2002) had high school students’ rate school subjects and activities on challenge and skill.   Favorite activities fell into the flow are (challenge= skill): TV and music listening (low on each); friends (moderate); and arts, such as drama or ballet, and sports (high on each).   Skills were judged to exceed challenges in humanities and social sciences, resulting in boredom.   Challenges were rated as exceeding skills in mathematics and the sciences, resulting in anxiety. Other research compared the flow experiences of three groups of adolescents.   One group attended a select public school in Italy, a second group attended a typical suburban high school near Chicago, and a third group comprised talented math students from a top Chicago public school.   Students used the Experience sampling Method.   The Italian teens reported more flow experiences than U.S. teens, especially those talented in math.   Among the U.S. teens, those attending the typical school reported the most amounts of boredom (skills exceed challenges) and anxiety (challenges exceed skills). Interestingly, the talented group scored significantly lower than the other two samples in apathy, defined as skills and challenges in sync but below average (e.g., watching TV, listening to music).   In sum, experiences are comparable for average and above average students across cultures, whereas for talented U.S. teens, flow and apathy are rarer and boredom and anxiety are common (.Csikszentmihalyi, 1995) These researches implied that motivation affects the behavior of people.   The flow theory concluded that there is a state of equilibrium between the amount of challenge in activities and an individual’s capabilities.   People feel bored when their perceived skills exceed their opportunities for using them; they become anxious when they believe that challenges exceed capabilities.   Flow can vary intensity, with the critical variable being the ratio of challenge to skill.   The portrayed relations presumably hold for peak as well as everyday experiences (Csikszentmihalyi, 2003). Intrinsic and Extrinsic theory Deci Ryan believes that intrinsic and extrinsic motivational forces govern behavior.   Extrinsic forces are preprogrammed biologically (e.g., food, sleep) or derive from the reward structure in which the individual is socialized (money, prestige).   Intrinsic forces grow out of the individual’s belief that a given outcome is worth striving for (Deci Ryan, 2001). Deci and his colleagues (Rigby, Deci, Patrick, Ryan, 2002) have recently conceptualized motivation along both intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions.   Intrinsic motivation concerns activities that are autotelic – engaged in for their own sake – which by definition are self-determined.   Extrinsic motivation involves a progression from behaviors that originally were extrinsically motivated but became internalized and now are self-determined.   The first level includes what Deci and his colleagues call external regulation.   In their research, they cited the example that students initially may not want to work on math but do to obtain teacher rewards and avoid punishment. There is very little self-determination in this situation.   At the next level of extrinsic motivation, students may engage in a task (e.g., study for an exam).   Deci and his colleagues call this introjected regulation because the source of motivation is internal (feelings of â€Å"should,† â€Å"ought,† guilt) to the person but not self-determined since these feelings seem to be controlling the person.   The third level is called identified regulation and here individuals engage in the activity because it is personally important to them. The example they cited is that, a student may study hours for a test in order to get good grades to be accepted into college.   This behavior represents the student’s own goal, although the goal has more utility value (Wigfield Eccles, 2002) than intrinsic value such as learning.   The final level of extrinsic is integrated regulation, whereby individuals can integrate various internal and external sources of information into their own self-schema and engage in behavior because of its importance to their sense of self. This final level is still instrumental, rather than autotelic as in intrinsic motivation, but integrated regulation does represent a form of self- determination and autonomy.   As such, both intrinsic motivation and integrated regulation will result in more cognitive engagement and learning than external or introjected regulation (Rigby et al., 2002). Deci and his colleagues` (Rigby et al., 2002) position is thought –provoking, has generated much research, and has important implications for the field.   Many points in the self-determination model are not clearly specified, but researchers increasingly are conducting studies that are adding to the understanding of how this theory explains how behavior changes through motivation. Stress and Coping Theory Richard Lazarus` stress and coping theory was developed from his several research on stress and its effects to humans, and it emphasizes psychological variables, namely, the cognitive processes of perception and thought.   Lazarus   (1976, 1982, 1996) argues that it is neither the process (e.g. stressor) nor the response that best defines motivation.   Rather, it is the individual’s perception and appraisal of the situation that is a significant determinant of whether or not motivation will be experienced.   He cited that an individual may enjoy public speaking, whereas another individual finds it terrifying.   According to Lazarus, events in and of themselves do not produce motivation; it is the individual’s appraisal of the event that creates the motivation (Lazarus, 2001). Lazarus` theory of motivation states that when an individual is confronted with challenge, primary appraisal occurs.   During primary appraisal the individual attempts to determine how the event will affect her or his behavior.   Some events are perceived as positive and beneficial and thus are likely to create a motivation.   However, other events are viewed negatively and thus are perceived as harmful or threatening such as stress.   This appraisal of the event also generates different coping emotions such as fear, anger, or excitement (Lazarus, 1995). The next stage, secondary appraisal, involves determining whether one’s coping capacities are sufficient to meet the demands of a potentially harmful event.   An important part of this stage is a review and analysis of the response alternatives available to the individual.   This secondary appraisal can also lead to the acquisition of new coping responses (Lazarus, 2002). Although the two models of stress and coping theory of motivation are quite different, they are not necessarily antagonistic.   It is easy to see how a biological system to cope with stress would have obvious evolutionary advantages in enhancing survival.   Yet the nature of the human cerebral cortex allows for decisional process in dealing with stress, rather than autonomic biological reactions that are characteristic of lower organisms.   A synthesis of this theory provides for an immediate, probably nonspecific, preparation for dealing with stressors; it is followed by an intelligent appraisal of the situation that may redirect the physiological reactions and institute motivation.  Ã‚   It is because humans have behavioral options, even though they may not always make intelligent decisions in dealing with stressors (Lazarus, 2001). In conclusion, motivation is an important quality that affects all behavior because the different theories presented have proven that it can influence both learning of new behaviors and performance of previously learned behaviors.   Behavior is related in a reciprocal fashion to motivation because how one behaves can be changed through one’s subsequent task motivation. References Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002).   Emergent motivation and the evolution of the self.   In D.A. Kleiber M.L. Maehr (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement (Vol. 4, pp. 93-98).   Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2003). Intrinsic rewards and emergent motivation.   In M.R. Lepper D. Greene (Eds.), The hidden costs of reward:   New perspectives on the psychology of  human motivation (pp. 205-206).   Hillsdale, NY:Erlbaum. Csikszentmihalyi, M., Rathunde, K. (2003).   The measurement of flow in everyday life:   Toward a theory of emergent motivation.   In J.E. Jacobs 9Ed.), Nebraska symposium on  Ã‚  motivation 1992 (Vol. 40, pp. 57-97).   Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005).   Toward a psychology of optimal experience.   In L. Wheeler (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology   (Vol. 3, pp. 13-16).   Beverly Hills,  CA:Sage. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2005).   Beyond boredom and anxiety.   San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.  de Charms, R. (1996).   Enhancing motivation.   New York: Irvington.   Deci, E.L. (1995). Intrinsic motivation.   New York: Plenum.  Deci, E.L. (2000). The psychology of self-determination.   Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.  Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. (2001).   Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human  behavior.   New York: Plenum. Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. (2002).   The support of autonomy and the control of behavior.   Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1024-1027. Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. (2003). A motivational approach to self: Integration in personality.   In R.A. Dienstbier (Ed.) Nebraska symposium on motivation 1990(Vol. 38, pp.237-238.  Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press. Lazarus, R.S. (1996).   Psychological stress and the coping process.   New York: McGraw-Hill.  Ã‚  Lazarus, R.S. (1995).   Thoughts on the relation between emotion and cognition.   American Psychologist, 37, 109-111. Lazarus, R.S. (2001).   Emotion and adaptation.   Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lazarus, R.S. (2002).   Little hassles can be hazardous to your health. Psychology Today,  pp.82-85. Pintrich, P.R. (2001).   Current issues and new directions in motivational theory and research.   Ã‚  Educational Psychologist, 26,199-201. Rigby et al., (2002).   Beyond the intrinsic –extrinsic dichotomy: Self-determination and  learning.   Motivation and Emotion, 16, 165-167.  Rigby, Deci, Patrick, Ryan, (2002).   Beyond the intrinsic –extrinsic dichotomy: Self- determination and learning.   Motivation and Emotion, 16, 165-167. Schunk, D.H. (2003).   Goal difficulty and attainment information:   Effects on children’s Achievement behavior.   Human Learning, 2, 107-117. Weiner, B. (2005).   Human motivation.   New York: Springer-Verlag. Wigfield, A. Eccles, J. (2002).   Expectancy-value theory of motivation: A developmental perspective.   Educational Psychology Review, 6, 49-52. How to cite The effect of motivation on behavior, Essay examples

Shania Woodard Essays (788 words) - Gymnastics, Attitude Change

Shania Woodard ENGL1133 Comp ll Professor Dixon July 10, 2018 Narrative Essay What I Believe Growing up as child, I would always think about what my future would be consist of. I always imagine being on the big stage with a celebrity performance as I'm in the back dancing my butt off to the fullest and loving every moment of it. Seeing myself representing my own dance studio company as a brand, hoping to reach out celebrity and dancer to come create, explore and make a visual aspect come to life . Now and Days, I am getting older, becoming adult and understanding the outside reality of the world. The dream as a child would always give me hope and courage to keep pushing in what I love to do. When coming to college my freshman year, it had put me in a pause position where I don't have time to dance like I use to in Middle high school. I did not won't to do any activities until I knew for sure I get use to the campus. Plus, I would think that dancing would not get me anywhere in life or pay the bills mostly and since it was too late to try out the Black Foxes dance team . I had too much on my plate , be worrying about what I wanted to do in college/ living on my own and making sure my family okay, even though they can really get under my skin irritated the heck out of me . However, I believe in being patience, have faith, and never give up on doing what you love most especially when it takes time. I consider dancing to me as something I never realize upon the age of 13 or 14. I remember every time I would go to one of my family get together event, we would pull out the DJ music, dance, laugh, play card game, and more to keep the party going. My aunt would get in the middle of the floor and start dancing, making all type of move that was funny looking but fun at the same time. She would try to get me pump up and dance with her. Eventually I thought dancing would be silly just getting up there making a fool of yourself. Instead I would make people try to do the trending move and learn a few steps from one of my own family members. Ever since, I would dance all over the place, in the room, bathroom, kitchen, outside etc. I decide to try out for the dance team during my middle and high school years. When I first thought about dance, I really thought it was nothing but just moving to the beat of music and make yourself look good. After dancing in my middle and high school, I had become the Captain of Madison Marlin dance squad and work hard at one of my dance camp in high school. It caught my attention that how much I really love and had taking really interest in on the art of dancing and it methods. I end up changing my major before I took a whole year off during my actual junior year and came back this year to finish where I started. Now, I'm a senior who classified as a Junior while working on getting my senior credit and hoping to graduate with a bachelor's degree in business management by 2019. I'm using this degree field to upscale my skill of knowledge in the business ind ustry and use the methods to put it all in my d ream dance studio . I love how you can empress the motion and feeling toward to certain moves through a certain beat, and just let it out as a way from being stress or over whelming. I literally sit here and practice my body movement and to make sure certain body part to go which way but also enjoy having fun doing it. Dance is a mysterious that people can really find in certain way. Most of it I believe is like another type of art that we created and oppose to it symbolic message in